Engineering question
What nominal electrical relationship should the heater design satisfy before temperature-dependent and thermal effects are added?
Two bounded calculation modes
| Known inputs | Calculated outputs | What remains unknown |
|---|---|---|
| Voltage + resistance | Current I = V/R; power P = V²/R | Operating resistance, temperature, heat loss, control, tolerance |
| Voltage + target power | Target operating resistance R = V²/P; current I = P/V | Cold resistance, TCR, layout, substrate, thermal field, validation |
Published test vectors
| Mode | Inputs | Expected result |
|---|---|---|
| V + R | 24 V, 12 Ω | 2 A; 48 W |
| V + P | 24 V, 48 W | 12 Ω; 2 A |
| V + R | 5 V, 10 Ω | 0.5 A; 2.5 W |
Do not stop at nominal Ohm's law
- Supply min/max, waveform, control and fault behavior
- Cold and operating resistance, TCR and manufacturing tolerance
- Trace geometry, material system, terminals and insulation
- Heated load, mounting, losses, sensing and temperature limit
- Startup, steady, cycle and loss-of-load cases
- Prototype instrumentation, criteria and safety responsibility